Background and Objective: According to the equality Terms and conditions of twenty-two NATIONAL building regulations topics in all cities of Iran and being forced to run them around the country, balcony design course is the same in terms of size and its only appearance is different. However, each climate has its own requirements for the design. The aim of this article is study about balcony climate features in residential BUILDINGS in Tabriz, according to the NATIONAL building regulations.Method: This article is based on analytical-descriptive research collecting information based on documents and comparative. At first, by using the canopy depth formula, canopy depth and penetration of sunlight into the BUILDINGS in Tabriz are calculated and once again, this process is repeated according to the NATIONAL building regulations, and finally the results are checked through the two methods.Findings: In the condition of N=0, the difference in penetration of sun in the south side of building, between regulations and optimum condition is 71 cm, and in the condition of N=15, is 59 cm.Discussion and Conclusion: the results show that, balcony with only climate feature and using as a canopy, with depth of 1.2m is more than enough and it is absorbing the sunshine to enter into the building.

Since the occurrence of the Cairo earthquake on October 1992, the design of structures for earthquakes became a major demand enforced in the Egyptian design codes. The seismic response of building structures can be estimated through utilization of a variety of analysis methods that range from simple equivalent static analysis to complex nonlinear dynamic analysis. The traditional approach is to employ equivalent static analysis methods, while current design practice is moving toward an increased emphasis on the nonlinear analysis method. The Egyptian code PROVISIONS for building seismic design adopt the traditional approach of equivalent static load method as the main method for evaluating seismic actions and recommend the response spectrum method for nonsymmetrical BUILDINGS. This study aims to evaluate the Egyptian code PROVISIONS for the seismic design of moment-resistant frame multi-story building through using nonlinear time history analysis. The analysis procedures are evaluated for their ability to predict deformation demands in terms of inter-story drifts, potential failure mechanisms and story shear force demands. The results of the analysis of the different approaches are used to evaluate the advantages, limitations, and ease of application of each approach for seismic analysis.

This paper presents seismic behavior of several BUILDINGS with low torsional stiffness. The performance criterion is story drift ratio, as story drift ratio is an appropriate damage index for structural and non-structural elements comparably. Therefore, the safety of structure is defined by mentioned criterion. This study illustrates that the proposed PROVISIONS of standard 2800 of Iran for linear equivalent static analysis do not generally satisfy sufficient safety for low torsional stiffness structures. Therefore, linear equivalent static analysis in its present form is inadequate for low torsional stiffness structures.

For preliminary design including the proportioning of the structure, the variation of wind force on a structure with variation of site parameters and structural parameters should be known. The present study is an effort to achieve the same, primarily based on Indian wind code. The proposed draft of the Indian wind code is also included in the scope of the study. Comparisons of the wind forces obtained by Indian Standard and that by American Standard are also presented for some representative cases to gaze the relative level of protection attributed by Indian wind codes. The study also includes an exhaustive comparison of the wind forces obtained by Force coefficient based static analysis and Gust factor based dynamic analysis interpreting where which method should be used for better protection. The general observations and simple guidelines emerged from the study may prove useful for choosing the appropriate method by design engineers, depending on the requirement of safety, economy and availability of time. The large number of case studies presented in the paper in the form of the variations curves may be used for preliminary design and cross checking the results and hence, may prove useful in the design offices.

Considering the importance of solidarity as a theoretical and political structure and its connection with social harmony, acceptability and political legitimacy, the present research has conceptualized and formulated the problem of solidarity in the context of Iran's multi-ethnic society through the mediation of existing studies. . In the current research, the hybrid method has been used. The sample and statistical population of the research includes selected qualitative studies that have investigated the issue of solidarity and its dimensions in Iran from different aspects and perspectives in the period from 1372 to 1398. After searching in different databases, 500 related articles, books and research reports were identified and finally 54 sources were selected to perform the meta-combination method. Based on the synthesis of studies, solidarity in the multi-ethnic society of Iran has found a problematic situation. The results of the research confirm that the coordinates of solidarity in Iranian society are based on structural contexts and conditions. The main field in which the issue of solidarity in Iran should be established is the acceptance of a reality called "reliability and stability of cultural diversity". Based on the meta-combination of studies, the coordinates of solidarity in Iran's multi-ethnic society, due to "intercultural affinities", "disruption and non-inclusion in ethnic policies", "instability and imbalance of development", "inefficiency of ethnic political management" and "identification disorder". In the meantime, "cultural globalization", "taking role models from ethnic elites", "geopolitics of ethnic areas and transNATIONAL interventions" and "ethnic extension" are considered as intervening conditions. Despite the fact that ethnic and religious diversity is recognized as a central sign in the constitution, with this definition, political agents have sometimes resorted to strategies that social suffering and extroversion has formed in ethnic communities.

From a geopolitical and geostrategic point of view, Iraq is located in a bottleneck and faces unique geographic restrictions in accessing open waters and interNATIONAL rivers.Tigris and Euphrates are the main source of water needs of this country, which originate from Turkey. The Tigris and Euphrates watershed is one of the most important watersheds in the Middle East.The dispute over the manner and amount of exploitation of the three coastal countries (Turkey, Iraq and Syria) which resulted from the disintegration of the Ottoman government, has a long history.Turkey has built 14 large dams on the Euphrates tributaries and 8 large dams on the Tigris tributaries by implementing the Gap project. Following Turkey's exploitation of the Atatürk Dam (Turkey's largest dam) in 1992, the issue of "environmental security" has been one of the most important concerns of affected countries, especially Iraq.Following the exploitation of this big dam and 13 other dams, as well as the construction of three dams by Syria, the Euphrates flow to Iraq has decreased by about 90% in recent years.Ilisu Dam (Turkey's second largest dam) is built on the Tigris River, and if the capacity of this dam is fully utilized, the natural flow of the Tigris to Iraq will decrease by 56%.With the completion of the Gap project, Turkey will be able to control more than the average annual flow of natural flows in the Tigris and Euphrates in this country. Turkey's dam constructions have led to widespread problems in various dimensions in the region and affected countries, especially Iraq, due to its location in the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates watershed and the environment.The purpose of the research is to explain the effects of Turkey's dam construction on Iraq's NATIONAL security.This research is important because after Iraq and Syria, Iran is the third country affected by Turkey's dam construction because internal and external factors affecting Iraq's NATIONAL security for reasons such as long border, cultural, historical, religious commonalities, economic exchanges and significant commercial and political and security interests have similar and extensive effects on Iran's NATIONAL security.Iran has vital interests in Iraq, and no country is as influential as Iraq in terms of securing Iran's interests and NATIONAL security, therefore, a threat to Iraq's vital interests is a threat to Iran's vital interests.The research has tried to answer the main question that Turkey's dam constructions on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers have had on Iraq's NATIONAL security and the hypothesis of the research is based on this axis that Turkey has controlled the sources of power production through extensive dams on the branches of the interNATIONAL rivers Tigris and Euphrates and developed policies with the aim of strengthening and perpetuating the "geopolitical position" in the course of interaction and conflict with beneficiary countries of Tigris and Euphrates, especially Iraq, should use economic, political and security issues as a means of pressure in negotiations and the manner and extent of exploitation of the mentioned rivers. Turkey's dam building policy on Tigris and Euphrates is considered as an independent variable and Iraq's NATIONAL security is considered as a dependent variable.This research is of a qualitative type, which analyzed the data and explained the topic with a descriptive-analytical method and applied approach. Information gathering has been collected using library resources and scanning documents, books, articles, media and electronic resources.The lack, change and destruction of environmental elements are among the most important factors that threaten the life and survival of human societies and governments. Mastery over water resources is mastery of an element that has a vital and strategic role.Water has a significant role and importance in the environment, sustainable economic development, cultural-social development, political-security stability and the power of governments in the NATIONAL, regional and interNATIONAL arenas. Therefore, the competition of the governments to acquire, exploit and dominate the common water resources due to the vital role and strategic importance of water has created the ground for conflict and conflict between the stakeholders. Since the 1960s and following Turkey's extensive dam constructions on the Tigris and Euphrates, water leverage has been used as a tool to exert pressure against Iraq.The problems caused by the water shortage crisis in combination with factors such as the decrease in precipitation due to climate change, the destruction of vegetation and forests, soil erosion due to the decrease in humidity, air pollution due to the change and destruction of environmental elements, and the devastating consequences of three wars in the last four decades. , Iraqis' indiscriminate exploitation of rivers, lakes and wetlands in the agricultural, industrial and urban sectors, pollution of water resources and exhaustion of the water storage and transmission network, the process of destruction of natural ecosystems and the destruction of environmental elements of this country, accelerating and has intensified and the health, livelihood and security of the residents of the affected area have been jeopardized to a significant extent. The location of this country in the lower reaches of Tigris and Euphrates is a geopolitical bottleneck and a factor for threatening this country.Turkey, Syria and Iran have superior geopolitical advantages over this country due to being located upstream of the rivers entering Iraq. Environmental elements have a transboundary nature, therefore, managing and controlling challenges requires bilateral, regional and interNATIONAL cooperation. Environmental security is related to water security, food security, job security, sustainable economic development and in the macro dimension with the interests and NATIONAL security of countries and the power of governments in the NATIONAL, regional and interNATIONAL arenas. Considering the five parts of Bozan's theory, the military, political, economic, social and environmental power of Turkey has increased against the countries affected by Tigris and Euphrates, especially Iraq. Based on Homer Dixon's theory, three factors: environmental destruction, population increase and unequal social distribution of resources due to lack and change of environmental resources and six factors: climate change due to the emission of greenhouse gases, destruction of Ozone layer, destruction and reduction of agricultural lands, destruction of  forests, reduction and pollution of fresh water sources and reduction of fishing due to destruction of fisheries following widespread climate change, the possibility of conflicts turning into violent conflicts between Turkey and the countries affected by Tigris and Euphrates with this country, between each other, especially Iraq and Turkey, has been strengthened in case of lack of understanding, agreement and constructive interaction. According to Mackinder's theory, the use of power generation resources using natural (energy resources), human and environmental factors (dam construction) has achieved the goal of Turkish hegemony to a significant extent. Based on Ratzel's theory, Turkey has strengthened its NATIONAL and regional power and vital space against the countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates, especially in the face of Iraq. Blocking the natural flow of the interNATIONAL channels of the Tigris and Euphrates is an existential threat, and the demand for Iraq's natural and historical water rights in order to preserve survival, manage and reduce the harmful consequences of this threat is that the emergency measures of the policy makers of this country, regional countries, regional and interNATIONAL organizations and Institutions defending human rights and environmental rights and the United Nations are effective.